BIOLOGY:INVENTIONS & INVENTORS

1.  Human Anatomy: Andreas Vesalius, Belgium, 1543.

2.  Anesthetic: Crawford W. Long, U.S., 1842.

3.  Antibiotics: Louis Pasteur, Jules-François Joubert, France, 1887.

4.  Antiseptic: (surgery) Joseph Lister, England, 1867

5.  Antitoxin, diphtheria: Emil von Behring, Germany, 1890.

6.  Aspirin: Dr. Felix Hoffman, Germany, 1899.

7.  Bacteria: Anton van Leeuwenhoek, The Netherlands, 1683.

8.  Circulation of Blood: William Harvey, England, 1628.

9.  Cells: Robert Hooke, England, 1665;

10.  Cholera bacterium: Robert Koch, Germany, 1883.

11.  Classification of plants:-

·      First modern( based on comparative study of forms): Andrea Cesalpino, Italy, 1583;

·      Classification of plants and animals (by genera and species): Carolus Linnaeus, Sweden, 1737–1753.

12.  DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid): Friedrich Meischer, Germany, 1869;

·      Determination of double-helical structure: Rosalind Elsie Franklin, F. H. Crick, England, James D. Watson, U.S., 1953.

13.  Insulin:-

·      First isolated: Sir Frederick G. Banting and Charles H. Best, Canada, 1921;

·      Discovery( first published):  Banting and Best, 1922;

14.  Electrocardiography: Demonstrated by Augustus Waller, 1887; (first practical device for recording activity of heart) Willem Einthoven, 1903, Dutch physiologist.

15.  Measles vaccine: John F. Enders, Thomas Peebles, U.S., 1953.

16.  Penicillin: (first modern antibiotic) Alexander Fleming, England, 1928;

17.  Vitamins:-

·      Hypothesis of disease deficienc: Sir F. G. Hopkins, Casimir Funk, England, 1912;

·      Vitamin A: Elmer V. McCollum, M. Davis, U.S., 1912–1914;

·      Vitamin B: McCollum, U.S., 1915–1916;

·      Thiamin, B₁: Casimir Funk, England, 1912;

·      Riboflavin, B₂: D. T. Smith, E. G. Hendrick, U.S., 1926;

·      Niacin: Conrad Elvehjem, U.S., 1937;

·      B₆: Paul Gyorgy, U.S., 1934;

·      Vitamin C: C. A. Hoist, T. Froelich, Norway, 1912;

·      Vitamin D: McCollum, U.S., 1922;

·      Folic acid: Lucy Wills, England, 1933.

18.  Laws of Heredity: Gregor Mendel, Austria, 1865.

19.  Fermentation: (microorganisms as cause of) Louis Pasteur, France, c.1860.

20.  Gene transfer: (human) Steven Rosenberg, R. Michael Blaese, W. French Anderson, U.S., 1989.

21.  Plant respiration and photosynthesis: Jan Ingenhousz, Holland, 1779.

22.  Polio, vaccine:-

·      Experimentally safe dead-virus vaccine: Jonas E. Salk, U.S., 1952,

·      Safe oral live-virus vaccine developed:  Albert B. Sabin, U.S., 1954.

23.  Rabies immunization: Louis Pasteur, France, 1885.

24.  Tuberculosis bacterium: Robert Koch, Germany, 1882.

25.  Vaccination: Edward Jenner, England, 1796.